Marker parameters are set using the MARKER Menu. Refer to the figure below when working with this section.
Marker Table and Marker Settings Panels
1. Normal spectrum view marker information display.
2. Marker located on trace. The active marker is indicated with solid green fill, other markers will show with a hollow fill, fixed markers show as a green X. The dashed vertical line is attached to the active marker and facilitates touch operations. Either the marker or the line can be dragged into position, and either can be double tapped to open a number of peak search options.
3. Selected marker in the MARKER menu and in the MARKER table. The marker table shows all of the marker parameters and measurement values. You can edit marker parameters from the marker table as well as from the MARKER menu.
Placing a Normal Marker
1. Press MARKER to display markers. If markers were off, Marker 1 will automatically be made active at the current center frequency.
2. Select another marker using MARKER > SELECT, then select one of 12 available markers. If the marker was off, the marker will be made active and placed at the center frequency. If the marker was on, it will be made the active marker. You can enable all 12 markers and place them separately on traces, cursors, or set them as a fixed marker at a static frequency and amplitude.
3. Place a marker by first selecting it as the active marker, then do one of the following:
a. Enter a new FREQUENCY value from the MARKER menu. The frequency can be entered manually or adjusted by using the slider or the + and – buttons to move the marker to the left and right.
b. Drag the marker on the trace (note that anywhere on the vertical dashed blue line can be touched to drag a marker’s position).
c. Use the PEAK SEARCH menu and the desired peak search function to automatically find signal peaks (refer to MARKER PEAK SEARCH Menu). Some peak search functions can be accessed by double-tapping the marker or the blue marker line.
Placing a Fixed Marker
Fixed markers are set up the same as normal markers above, but are set to Fixed using the MODE button. In addition to setting a fixed frequency, you can set a fixed amplitude. Fixed markers are typically used as a reference marker when measuring amplitude differences relative to an absolute value.
Placing a Delta Marker
When a marker is in delta mode, its position data are relative to its reference marker. To set a delta marker and its reference:
1. Activate a marker and place it in a reference location.
2. Select another marker using MARKER > SELECT.
3. Set the second marker’s mode to Delta.
• When a marker is set as a delta marker, the next active, lower-numbered normal marker will automatically be used as the reference marker.
• When there is no active, lower-numbered normal marker, the next lower-numbered marker is activated and used as the reference marker.
• When the reference marker is disabled, the delta marker changes to a normal marker.
• When marker 1 is the only active marker and its mode is changed to Delta, marker 2 will be turned on as the reference for marker 1.
4. Place the active delta marker by:
a. Entering a new FREQUENCY value.
b. Dragging the marker on the trace (note that anywhere on the vertical dashed blue line can be touched to drag a marker’s position).
c. Use the PEAK SEARCH menu and the desired peak search function to automatically find signal peaks (refer to MARKER PEAK SEARCH Menu).
A delta marker is labeled with a green delta symbol between the each marker number. For example, delta Marker 2 relative to Marker 1 (the reference marker) is displayed as “2Δ1”.
Turns on the selected marker if it is off or makes it the active marker if it is already turned on. Pressing the MARKER menu button for the first time will turn on Marker 1 as a normal marker at the center frequency, and open the MARKER menu. Pressing the MARKER menu button thereafter opens the MARKER menu to the current active marker, which is displayed in the upper left-hand corner of the screen. When a marker is turned on, it is a normal marker positioned at the center frequency of the selected trace.
ENABLED:
Enables the selected marker. When the toggle is off, the marker is disabled and not shown on the screen.
FREQUENCY
Displays the marker frequency. For delta markers, the frequency is relative to the reference marker. Change the marker frequency by dragging it to the desired location. You can also change the marker frequency by pressing the FREQUENCY button and changing it manually using the keypad controls.
AMPLITUDE
Displays the current marker amplitude. When the marker mode is set to Normal or Delta, the amplitude is set by the trace. In that case, the amplitude is not settable by the user. The button is grayed out, but the value is still updating with every sweep. If the marker is a Fixed marker, the amplitude value can be changed by dragging the marker to the desired location or by directly entering the amplitude using the keypad control.
MODE
Select marker preference:
• Normal: A Normal marker is also known as a tracking marker. The frequency is fixed but the amplitude value varies from sweep to sweep.
• Delta (Δ): A Delta (Δ) marker displays the delta frequency and amplitude between itself and a reference marker. If Marker 1 is selected to be a Delta marker, then Marker 2 is turned on as a Reference marker for Marker 1 and it becomes a Fixed marker at the same location. The Reference marker can then be switched to a Normal marker if desired.
• Fixed: A Fixed marker has a fixed amplitude and fixed frequency, which are defined by the user and not related to the trace or sweep data.
FUNCTION
Sets the function of the currently selected marker to None, Noise or Frequency Counter. For more information about using marker functions, refer to Marker Functions.
DELTA REFERENCE
Selects the Reference marker for a Delta marker. A Delta marker cannot be its own reference. Only Fixed and Normal markers might be used as a reference for Delta markers.
TRACE
Selects the trace or cursor number to which the marker is currently attached.
MARKER TABLE
Toggles on or off the marker table displayed below the screen. Refer to Marker Table.
CENTER ON MARKER
Sets the center frequency to the currently active marker’s frequency value. Not applicable in Zero Span mode.
REF LVL TO MARKER
Sets the reference level to the currently active marker’s amplitude value.
ALL MARKERS OFF
Turns all markers off, but markers will retain their last frequency position after it is re-enabled.
PRESET MARKERS:
Presets marker selections to default values.
MARKER PEAK SEARCH Menu
Note
Double-tapping a marker opens a quick peak search menu with some of the below features.
PEAK SEARCH Menu
PEAK SEARCH
Returns to the main MARKER menu.
SELECT
If the selected marker is off, it will be turned on and the selected marker positioned at the peak of Trace 1. If the selected marker is on, then it will become the active marker and any subsequent actions in the PEAK SEARCH menu will apply to the selected marker. If no markers are on, pressing the PEAK SEARCH button on the control panel will turn on Marker 1 at the peak of Trace 1.
PEAK SEARCH
Moves the selected marker to the highest peak.
NEXT PEAK
Moves the selected marker to the next highest peak regardless of location.
NEXT PEAK LEFT
Moves the selected marker to the next peak left of its current position.
NEXT PEAK RIGHT
Moves the selected marker to the next peak right of its current position.
NEXT POINT LEFT
Moves the selected marker one display point to the left of its current position. Useful for fine tuning the position of a marker.
NEXT POINT RIGHT
Moves the selected marker one display point to the right of its current position. Useful for fine tuning the position of a marker.
THRESHOLD
If turned on, sets the threshold that a peak has to achieve to be considered a peak.
EXCURSION
If turned on, sets the excursion value that a peak amplitude must rise and fall over the peak threshold to qualify as peak.
Marker Quick-Access Menu
A right-click or double-click on a marker displays the quick-access menu. It gives immediate access to the several Peak Search functions. Refer to the text in Figure: PEAK SEARCH Menu for details about these functions.
Marker Quick-Access Menu
Marker Functions
Noise Markers
Noise Markers use an averaging routine applied to multiple data-point groups to calculate the readout, which is typically comparable to using 1 Hz bandwidth filtering. Because the noise marker routine uses groups of data points for the calculation, the noise marker should not be placed in close proximity to measurable signals. You can observe this effect by moving the marker further away from a signal until the marker readout stabilizes to a more consistent value. Noise markers should be used with an RMS/Avg detector type for proper measurement. When a noise marker function is selected, the marker amplitude value is displayed in dBm/Hz, which is the noise level within the resolution bandwidth filter. Delta markers can also be put into a noise function, but the reference marker must also be a noise marker. If they are different functions, one will be updated to match the other. Fixed markers are not allowed to be set to a noise function, so if a noise marker is changed to fixed mode, the function will automatically be set to off.
Spectrogram with Cursors and Markers
In the spectrum window, markers are shown as hollow green diamonds on the trace to which they are assigned. Active markers have a solid fill with a vertical dashed line that can be used to drag the marker position. The dashed line matches the trace color to which the marker is assigned. In the spectrogram window, markers are shown as hollow green diamonds on the cursor to which they are assigned. The active marker is shown with white fill and its time and position values are displayed in green text at the upper left side of the display. In this example, the active marker is set to Cursor C2 and is measuring a change of amplitude between two different points in time. Markers can be placed on different cursors to help you compare measurements at different points in time as well as frequency
Spectrogram with Cursors and Markers
1. Markers: Displays the selected marker value. Marker values at the top of the spectrum display will show the current frequency and amplitude values of the active marker and its type. In this case, Marker 2 is set to a delta marker relative to Marker 1. Marker values at the top of the spectrogram window show the current time or position of the active marker (left) and other marker information such as delta time (right). In this case, Marker 2 is active and is at position 41 and has a relative time delta of 0 ms. Note that you can set a marker on any cursor to measure relative time differences between signal events as well as frequency and amplitude differences. Markers displayed on traces and cursors (encircled in red) show as green diamonds with the active marker in white fill.
2. Cursors: Cursors are shown on the spectrogram as white dashed lines. The active cursor is a solid white line. Cursors can be directly selected and dragged to position on the display or set via the TRACE > CURSOR menu. Cursors and their settings can also be accessed via the status panel. The start time is the most recent completed sweep and the beginning of the spectrogram. The stop time is the total time length of the spectrogram, essentially the amount of time it takes for a completed sweep to get from the bottom to the top of the spectrogram diagram with the current settings.
Marker Table
The marker table display is useful for displaying the parameters for many markers. The examples shown are for the regular Spectrum view (1) and for Spectrogram view (2). Both marker tables show the marker mode and corresponding X and Y values. In spectrum view, the marker table shows the marker function and trace to which it is selected. In Spectrogram view, the marker table shows the time value and the cursor to which it is selected. The selected marker is displayed with a highlighted background. Table controls are located on the right of the header. Press the down or up arrow to collapse or expand the table, press X to close the table.
Marker Table
You can select and change a marker’s parameters by selecting the marker from either the MARKER menu or the MARKER table.
The currently selected marker’s value is shown at the top left of the spectrum window with its current amplitude and frequency values.
The selected marker is highlighted on the trace display.
